The phenomenon of sensory processing: historical overview, theoretical models, and neurophysiological underpinnings

Abstract

The article provides a review of the sensory processing (SP) phenomenon, its origins, theoretical models, and neurophysiological foundations. Initiated by A. Jean Ayres’ research on sensory integration in the 1960s and 70s, this field has evolved, leading to the development of concepts such as Winnie Dunn’s four quadrant model and Miller’s ecological model of sensory modulation. Over the years, based on theoretical considerations, the concepts of sensory processing disorder and sensory processing sensitivity were formulated. The article highlights the role of temperament and its impact on sensory processing, suggesting that individual differences can significantly affect how people respond to sensory stimuli. The neurophysiological basis including sensory gating, electrodermal responses, and neuroimaging methods is presented. There has been an interest in the relationship between SP and mental disorders in adults, despite the lack of a formal diagnosis in DSM‑5 and ICD classifications. The literature analysis reveals the complexity of the subject, indicating the need for further research in this field.